Challenging process

However, it's challenging for a seed to qualify for inclusion in the germplasm bank due to strict entry standards. Seeds must first meet the "3E" criteria — they must be endangered, endemic and economically significant.

The term "endemic" not only refers to species unique to China but also those exclusive to specific regions. Based on these criteria, nationally and provincially rare and endangered plants, such as the Himalayan yew and Yunnan maple, are given priority for preservation.

In addition to meeting the "3E" criteria, the seeds must undergo over 70 procedures, with the most crucial being the three stages of collection, examination and storage, Cai says.

Recalling an unforgettable experience in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region in southern China, Cai describes the seed collection process as meticulous and full of surprises.

"When we pruned branches from a fruit-laden tree, we instinctively used our bare hands to catch them. However, we quickly realized this was a bad idea as a sharp, stinging pain shot down from the back of our hands to our arms and then straight to our hearts," Cai recalls.

"We washed our hands with soap and water, and even tried using urine, but none of these methods relieved the pain. It wasn't until a few days later, when the plant's toxicity had diminished, that the stinging finally subsided."

It was later discovered that this plant, Boehmeria nivea, is a member of the nettle family and has spines on its fruit containing a toxic substance that induces severe pain in humans.