Against this backdrop, a key question arises: Why does China need to build the new type of research university?

The question was extensively discussed at the inaugural Higher Education Forum hosted by EIT on Nov 29, where leading scholars and experts in China's higher education sector — including heads of eight such research universities — gathered for an in-depth exchange.

Lin Jianhua, a former president of Peking University with a traditional university background, shared his distinctive views on the emergence of new institutional types.

"In recent years, many new universities have been established globally, most of which follow traditional models, as drawing on existing systems and proven experience is often the easiest path," Lin said. However, he noted that two categories of institutions merit particular attention: emerging universities and the new type of universities.

According to Lin, emerging universities aim for excellence across the board, striving to outperform in multiple dimensions and often possessing distinctive features. "They need clear philosophies, well-defined positioning and strong institutional identities, and must seize every opportunity to pursue excellence and continuous innovation. A representative example is the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology," he said.

The new type of universities, by contrast, are designed to respond to contemporary challenges. They seek to break away from conventional educational philosophies and established practices, explore new paths in academic development, educational models and university design, and serve as benchmarks and references for broader reform in higher education.

"Emerging universities focus more on their own growth and pursuit of excellence, while the new type of universities emphasize model innovation and institutional reform," Lin said.