China-EU investment flows show great untapped potential, especially considering the size of the two respective economies. China accounts for just 2 to 3 percent of overall European investments abroad, whereas Chinese investments in Europe are rising, but from an even lower base.

In 2013, the EU’s investment in China, not including financial sectors, rose 18.07 percent year-on-year to $7.21 billion, while China’s investment in the bloc declined 13.6 percent year-on-year.

Huo Jianguo, president of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, a think tank of the Ministry of Commerce, said the China-EU investment pact talks will proceed with “much difficulty”.

“The negotiation is based on a new starting point with the adoption of a ‘negative list’, which specifies bans and restrictions on types of foreign investments,” Huo said.

China and the United States restarted the negotiations for a bilateral investment treaty in July 2013, when China agreed that every sector would come up for discussion unless restricted by a “negative list”, and foreign enterprises would be given “pre-establishment national treatment”, or treated the same as domestic companies. Both sides set down the modalities, the procedures, for the negotiations during the latest round of talks held in Shanghai from Jan 14 to 15.

“China is confronted with challenges in both investment negotiations, and the key problem is how to determine and actualize the ‘negative list’, which is related to the degree of the opening-up of the domestic market, the services sectors and the relaxing of market access,” Huo said.

He called for the approach of the “negative list” to be introduced in broader regions rather than piloted only in the China (Shanghai) Free Trade Pilot Zone.

Shen, the commerce ministry spokesman, said as the Chinese government steps up the revision of outward direct investment regulations, all the outward investments will be managed through registration. Approvals will be reserved only for investments in sensitive regions or sectors.

China pledged to expand outward direct investment by enterprises and individuals and reform the management mechanism in November. The ministry is an important force in advancing the reforms.

Shen also noted that China and the EU share much bigger complementary industrial elements than competitiveness and both sides have the capability and acumen to control trade frictions.

The EU is China’s largest trade partner. Bilateral trade hit $559.06 billion in 2013, up 2.1 percent year-on-year, said the ministry. China is the EU’s biggest source of imports and has also become one of the EU’s fastest-growing export markets. But bilateral trade in services amounted to just 10 percent of total trade in goods. Of the EU’s exports to China, only 20 percent are in services, said the European Commission.