Sustainable economic growth will be the most critical aspect for China's mobility and automobile use by 2030, and its constraints on vehicle use and environmental regulations will also be key drivers, according to a report published on Tuesday by Rand Corp, a non-profit think tank.

The report, The Future of Mobility: Scenarios for China in 2030, says the uncertainty of those factors aswell as the market size of China make it important to create different mobility perspectives for decision-makers to prepare for future developments.

With the rapid growth of the middle class and a burgeoning population, researchers studied contributing factors that could either hinder or help mobility in China, and discovered three potential driving forces: the pace of economic growth, constraints imposed on vehicle-ownership and use, and environmental conditions.

The report argues that mobility is a key element in China's trajectory to middle-income country status and its ability to deliver a higher quality of life to a growing population.

Chinese policymakers must decide whether constraints that have curbed vehicle-ownership should be maintained or strengthened, said Liisa Ecola, lead author of the report and a transportation researcher at Rand.

The potential for transportation policymakers to influence economic growth and environmental conditions may be limited, but they will have greater opportunity to use constraints on vehicle-ownership to reduce the growth in travel demand, which is continually being spurred by the growing middle class, according to the researchers.

As of November 2014, more than 10 million automobiles were added on China's roads annually, and 35 cities each had registered more than 1 million automobiles. So far, eight cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Shenzhen have instituted constraints on vehicle-ownership.

The report predicts that constraints on driving and vehicle-ownership might play a large role in China's mobility in the future if growth continues, and congestion and parking scarcity reach unacceptably high levels.

"They (constraints) could steer China toward a future in which ownership is less important than access－suggesting a major role for car-sharing services and the technologies that enable them," the report says.

Decisions must be made about whether environmental conditions will require further regulations, said Ecola, as environmental investments might take resources away from transportation capital, while environmental issues might affect travel demand.

The way public transport systems in urban areas are promoted also will have a tremendous impact on the way the Chinese mobility market will look in 2030, the report said.

With data based on expert opinions about the long-term future in demographics, economics, energy, and transportation supply and constraints, the researchers simulated two distinctively different paths for China's future mobility.

One of the scenarios assumes that continued economic growth will fuel demand for automobiles, including hybrids, but cities also will invest heavily in transit and other means of mobility, which will result in a future of strong travel demand across all transportation modes.

The other scenario assumes that the Chinese economy goes through a downturn marked by instability, incomes do not rise quickly, and travel demand grows more slowly.

With the aim of shedding light on whether automobiles will continue to rise in popularity and whether policies are needed to manage mobility, the report recommends that decision-makers anticipate and prepare for change.

Automakers brace for tough times

Carmakers are in for a prolonged "painful adjustment" in China, with production set to exceed sales by the widest margin in at least eight years, according to industry researcher LMC Automotive.

Auto production exceeded sales by 140,000 units during the first five months of the year, LMC said on Tuesday in a report. The gap was 270,000 vehicles in 2014, or 1.4 percent of total production, the highest since 2007.

Both domestic and foreign carmakers are building more factories in China than anywhere else, posing a risk to profit margins in what remains one of the world's most lucrative auto markets. Automakers have slashed prices as demand slows with the economy and as more cities impose restrictions on vehicle registrations to control congestion and pollution.

"The painful market adjustment currently under way is far from over," LMC said in the report. The researcher said it was reducing its full-year estimate for passenger vehicle sales by about 100,000 units in 2015.