Yang Xiuqin, 40, writes short novels, mostly romances, when she finishes work at her cloth business every day.

The writer from Xiji county said farming the arid, sandy soil is a gamble because irrigation depends on rainwater. If the rains failed to arrive, a whole year's backbreaking work would be in vain.

Potatoes form part of every meal, every day, washed down with boiled rainwater collected in a cistern, he said. Kang didn't see a future in planting potatoes, something his ancestors did for their entire lives.

"I cried reading that novel, and it convinced me to be a good person," he said. When he tried to return the book to the stall, the bookseller forgave him and gave him another book as a gift. "Read, and the power of literature will help you," the elderly man told Kang.

When he returned home, Kang started to keep a diary. He published his first poem, in a local literary journal in 1998. In 2003, his novella Night Bus won a national award.

He said writing wasn't easy for a farmer who hadn't even finished middle school, but he picked up his old textbooks and taught himself the long-forgotten characters. He wrote for a couple of hours every day, sometimes staying up all night and then going straight to his potato field.

In October, the morning temperature in Xiji drops below freezing. In the snow and low cloud shrouding the mountains behind his field, Kang and his wife were digging up potatoes. With enough rain, the 30 mu of potatoes would bring in more than 30,000 yuan, he said.

As he worked, he unearthed fresh potatoes, their red skins caked with mud. The workers built a small fire in the field and baked a potato for lunch. Soon they all were sweating, despite the cold. Kang removed his jacket and rolled up his sleeves. A fading butterfly tattoo, a symbol of his earlier gangster life, was clearly visible on his lower right arm.

"I admired a movie character nicknamed Butterfly, a petty criminal and a thief," he explained. "But now I want to get rid of the tattoo. I don't even wear T-shirts in summer."

Kang said he tried to persuade his "brothers" in the gang to live a normal life. "But they laughed at me, saying I had been brainwashed by a novel, and only dorks read books," he said. "One of them was recently sentenced to 13 years in prison for robbery.

"It could be me in that prison. Without literature, I wouldn't have discovered my life's purpose until it was too late," he said. "Writing doesn't bring me a fortune, but it does make me believe that a farmer can live a hopeful life."