Orkney

The Orkney islands are home to Europe's most productive wind turbine. During April, NM92 became the first wind turbine in Europe to click over 100,000,000 kWh – enough electricity to power a typical UK home for over 30,000 years. With it's total exposure to winds sweeping out of the Northern Atlantic, Orkney – which translates from Icelandic to 'energy islands' – has become a beacon for renewable energy consistently producing more renewable electricity than they consume. Advanced testing of wave and tidal generation is also underway.

The cheap, clean energy has led to a growing demand for electric vehicles. Currently 50 cars cruise the islands, about 5% of the entire Scottish electric vehicle market. Orkney has just 0.4% of the country's population.

El Hierro, Canary Islands

In another example of making use of what you've got, the 12,000 residents of the Spanish island of El Hierro use their extra wind energy to pump water into the sealed crater of an extinct volcano, 700m above sea level. Then, when the wind drops, the water runs through a hydroelectricity plant ensuring an uninterrupted supply. It's a huge, unusual and very effective battery.

The island is the most remote of the Canary Island chain and once generated power from an expensive diesel generator. They claim to be the first island to have evolved to electricity self-sufficiency without connecting to a grid first – unlike Sams?.

"When they turn on the light, they think of the windmills moving and maybe they think, 'We are different than the rest of the world, because we are catching electricity from these windmills and not from conventional engines,'" the island's governer Alpidio Armas told NPR last year.

Sams?

Since winning a Danish government competition for designing a carbon neutral community in 1997, the island of Sams?, off the east coast of the Danish mainland, and its 3,800 residents have pioneered energy independence. The island has been carbon neutral for aabout five years. All of Sams?'s electricity is produced by 21 wind turbines and 70% of its heating is produced from biomass boilers. The wind electricity the island generates more than offsets the fossil fuels burned by the community's vehicles and ferries, and plans are afoot to shift over to electric vehicles. By making initial investments in the project, "Samsingers" own about 70% of their electricity infrastructure through a cooperative model. Scientific American has called it "an alternative view of the future".